http://www.3-hajime.com/nazo5.html

 

Does “Muroku” exist?

 

Here is a passage in “Shinsengumi Ibun” (left hearsay) by Prof. (1) Shibozawa Hiroshi:

“There is a book called ‘Muroku’ which was quoted utterances of Saitoo Hajime, later known as Yamaguchi Ziroo.  He was a masterless samurai from (2) Akashi in Banshuua and a first-class swordsman in Shinsengumi.  Muroku described that Saitoo Hajime was scolded by Kondoo Isamu when he snidely said ‘I feel very good,’ after killing Kusu Kojuuroo from behind who was a masterless samurai from Kyoto and worked as a spy of (3)Choosyuu.”

            Does this book truly exist?  First of all, where and when did Prof. Shibozawa see this “Muroku.”  He left three great books in the world based on the method of dictation and writing by decoding source books.  He referred various source books, and he also described details of these resources.  However, he did not mention anything about the “Muroku.”  Nobody knows where and when he saw it

            Second, there is a question about the phrase “Yamaguchi Ziroo.”  When Saitoo Hajime became old and he was in his last year, he named himself Fujita Goroo.  Why is “Yamaguchi Ziroo”?  Is this Prof. Shibozawa’s misunderstanding?  Or was there the description in “Muroku” itself?

            Third question is that Saitoo Hajime himself described this.  He left no memo or letter.  He left only a safe document, “History of Fujita family,” even for his own descendant.  Since Saitoo Hajime was the person who dared to say little, why did he need to describe anything and leave this for future?

            Last question is that this is a dictation written by an unknown author.  Even if “Muroku” existed, it is not trustful because of the unknown author.  The important thing to determine the reliability of the record is who wrote it and whose dictation it is. 

            Thus, “Muroku” has many questions, and its existence is also unreliable.  I, personally, think Prof. Shibozawa made “Muroku” by himself.  Anyway, as a person who has pursued Saitoo Hajime, I hope that “Muroku” exists and that it will appear in the future through the hands of people who have good sense.

 

(1) In all names, the family name comes first before the first name.

(2) Today’s Akashi in Hyoogo prefecture

(3)   Today’s Yamaguchi prefecture

 

 

http://www.3-hajime.com/nazo7.html.

 

Did a woman Yaso exist?

 

Here is a record in (1)Ganto Nanken Kanzoku Koseki made during the population survey in January 1872 (Meiji 5).

 

123 Goko village

Father Yuusuke (dead)

Fujita Goroo, Age 27

Wife Yaso, Age 31                   In Tokyo, July 1974 (Meiji 7)

 

The descendant of Sagawa Kanbee gave testimony that Fujita Goroo formally celebrated marriage through an upper matchmaker, Matsudaira Katayasu, and lower matchmakers, Sagawa Kanbee and Yamakawa Hiroshi, at Tokyo in 1874 (Meiji 7).  According to this record, he had married with Yaso before this marriage.  However, did this woman truly exist?

            First, let’s examine what the Kanzoku Koseki is.  Due to the (2) Haihanchiken in July 14th in 1971 (Meiji 4), Meiji government disestablished the old clan system, and substituted it with the prefecture system.  Consequently, Meiji government made a survey on the population, formed Zinshin family record, and divided people into 4 classes: Koozoku (royal), Kazoku (nobility), Shizoku (samurai), and Heemin (common people) in January 1872.  The Kanzoku koseki was made at this time.  Although because of this name, people may imagine the exact record like today’s family record, it is hard to say the record is trustful at that time.  This record includes many examples that people artificially declared their false names or false classes.

            How about is the case of Fujita Goroo?  His father’s name, Yuusuke and his name, Fujita Goroo are correct.  However, Fujita Goroo is recorded as being 27 years old.  Since this family record was made in 1972 and he was born in Kooka 1 (1844), he should be (3) 29.  Furthermore, even though it recorded that he went to Tokyo in July 1874, Prof. Akama Wako examined that he had already attended to government office through the secret invitation by inspector, Kawaji in 1874.    Thus, although the record of Kanzoku Koseki is one of the important records, there is a possibility that it is made artificially, and the whole contents are not trustful.

            Now, how is the case of Yaso?  Is she an artificial and imaginary feature? Did she exist?  If she existed, she got married with Fujita Goroo around 1871, and she divorced with him with some reasons or she had died by 1874.  According to the Prof. Akama’s book, “the mystery of Shinsengumi, Saitoo Hajime,” the elder wife, Yaso, helped a girl to enter women’s school.  With this testimony, the possibility that Yaso existed is considered to be high.

            In my personal view, Yaso may exist.  She was the Fujita Goroo’s first wife, and, later she divorced with him with some reasons or died.  She was an anchorage for him who worked as a spy for the police and moved around Tokyo, Tonami, or other many places. 

            There are still not enough testimonies or records about this, but the future survey will reveal the truth, and I myself continue this survey.

 

(1)   The name of family record

(2)   Disestablishment of the clan system and establishment of the prefecture system

(3)   Counted using the old Japanese way of counting age

 

 

http://www.3-hajime.com/katari.html.

 

Telling

 

I inserted contents told by various people as far as I know.  Nevertheless, their testimonies are precious resources because they knew Fujita Goroo in life.

 

Fujita Goroo (Telling 1)

 

It is not self-seeking, but how many people could write even their names among the group of about 250 masterless samurai who were gathered in (1) Edo and went to Kyoto?  Although each of them was a great fighter with a sword or a spear, they did not have education at all.  Therefore, a trivial person such as Kiyokawa could easily deceive them.  However, Serizawa and Kondoo were stronger not only in fighting but also in wits.  Especially in a tight corner, we could not do anything without Kondoo, and Serizawa also gave in to him.  Thus, when we were about to fight with Kondoo, somebody remonstrated, “Saitoo, you are good at swordplay, but you cannot be in the same way in learning.  Even samurai sword, the soul of samurai, is also (2) a set of a long sword and a short sword, isn’t it?  Furthermore, we have to learn not only Chinese letters but also European languages in future.  At least, we should be able to write down our own names,” – who said this?  Maybe, Takeda Kanryuu said this.  It was determined that we, seventeen people, were left in Kyoto, and (3) Mr. Aizu – Matsudaira Katayasu – and I am sure of the truth that soon after he started to take care of us, Serizawa or Kondoo was commanded to be the role of record.

 

This telling by Saitoo Hajime is extremely rare.  Although it is not sure when and to whom he talked, it is one of the important resources.

 

(1)   The old name of Tokyo

(2)   This is a metaphor that one is not enough.

(3)   He was called like this because he governed Aizu (Fukushima prefecture) at that time.

 

Fujita Goroo (Telling 2)

 

When I learned swordplay at Kondoo’s ashram at (1) Yanagi-machi, Kohinata, and Koishikawa, I presented to (2) my teacher with a sword that I bought at a secondhand store in Yotsuya because he seemed to love the sword very much.  Even though the sword is nameless, he thought it was similar to (3) Kotetsu, and he treasured it

 

Saitoo Hajime told about Kotetcu that Kondoo Isamu loved when he met Honda Taian from Taniyasu village and Kobayashi Sehsyuu from Asakawa town.  At that time, Saitoo Hajime worked at teacher’s college in Ocha-no-mizu.  According to this passage, Saitoo Hajime seems to have had the freedom of (4) Shieekan before joining Shinsengumi.  Moreover, Saitoo Hajime told this story to Satoo Toshinobu when Satoo visited Saitoo.

 

(1)   The address of Kondoo’s ashram

(2)   The teacher here is Kondoo.

(3)   The name of the famous sword that Kondoo Isamu loved.

(4)   The name of Kondoo Isamu’s ashram

 

Fujita Goroo (Telling 3)

 

The entire sword was made of iron, and there was a sculpture on the guard of sword.  There is no inscription, because it seems to have been worn out.  The length may have been about 2 feet and 3 inches. 

 

We do not know when and to whom Saitoo Hajime discussed this.  Since this is also about Kondoo Isamu’s Kotetsu, it is possible that he was talking this at the same time as that of above passage.

 

Abe Juuroo’s telling in (1) Shidan Kaisoku Kiroku

 

Saitoo Ichiroo/Jiro (Saitoo Hajime) was one of our comrades.  Although the “Junnan Rokkoo” said that he was a spy sent by Kondoo, it was not true.  Saitoo Ichiroo was only good at (2) Yuikenjutsu, and he got along with Kondoo because he also did not care about (3) Kinnoo or the nation.  Saitoo Ichiroo was untidy with women.  He was familiar with a woman in (4) Shimabara, and since she became a (5) Geisya in (6) Gion later, he often visited her in Gion.  At that time, we lived in Takadaiji.  Because of this woman, Saitoo Ichiroo escaped from us.  However, one of our members, Itoo (7) Kinoenetaroo, had an idea for the case of emergency.  There was a man called Mizuno Yataroo from (8) Noosyuu.  He was a very strong and good man, and he used to command three thousand men.  Needless to say, he supported Kinnoo.  We correlated with him, and in the case of emergency, we accepted his offer to send soldiers.  Mizuno offered us financial support as well.  On that occasion, Itoo Kinoenetaroo left 50 yen in a drawer of his desk, and we all went out.  While we were absent there, Saitoo Ichiroo carried out this money, and he did not return.  He was such an untidy man, so he spent all this money for the woman in Gion, and he could not come back.  Hence, Saitoo Ichiroo visited Kondoo Isamu, and told him everything about our secret.  Then, Kondoo was surprised at this.  Since he felt that he could not leave us anymore, he decided to attack all of us.  It was the night in November 18th.  I was not there because Itoo sent me to (9) Yamato as a secret detective.  While I was not there, Itoo received an invitation letter for dinner from Kondoo, and he visited his house.   Kondoo seemed to give him the full treatment.  However, on the way Itoo went home, four people were waiting for him around Shichijoo.  All four were Kondoo’s followers.  Oishi Kuwajiroo, Niyagawa Shinkichi, and other two were not clear.  They suddenly appeared, and attacked him from behind.  Even when Itoo was injured, he fought with his own sword.  However, it was four vs. one, and he fought to death.  (The following is omitted)

 

The survivor of Takadaiji party, Abe, affirmed that Saitoo Hajme was not a spy, which shows Saitoo’s cleverness as a spy and his reliable character for the job.

 

(1)   The name of the record

(2)   The name of the style of swordplay.  Both Kondoo Isamu and Saitoo Hajime used this style.

(3)   The idea to aim to build the emperor-centered nation

(4)   A famous place for prostitute

(5)   A kind of prostitute

(6)   A famous place for prostitute

(7)   Or Kooshitaroo

(8)   Today’s Gifu prefecture

(9)   Today’s Nara prefecture

 

Yamakawa Kenjiroo’s telling

 

Saitoo Hajime, later Yamaguchi Jiroo, often visited me and talked this Tenmaya’s story.  Since Saitoo Hajime felt that his enemy would come on that night, he was drinking with wearing a chain mail.  However, when he got drunk, he was annoyed at his chain glove.  Furthermore, he felt it was too hot.  He tried to take off the chain mail, but he could not do it easily.  While he was trying to take off his chain around his hand, many people were crushed into his room.  Therefore, he was lucky, and the chain mail became very useful then.  He said:

“In a real fight with real swords, people cannot think how to knock down their enemy.  We just fight off one’s head (react---do not "think").  While I rampaged around in this evening as in the usual fight, one of enemies said, ‘he is wearing something.  Don’t cut him, but thrust with sword.’  Therefore, I thought if they started to thrust me with sword, I would wait for it.”

 

This is the story that Shibozawa Hiroshi heard from Yamakawa Kenjiroo who was still in life and 77 years old at that time.

 

Tsuchida Keiko’s telling

 

Mr. Fujita Goroo often visited my parents’ house, the Takamines.  He liked drinking very much, and he always drank when he visited us.  He was very taciturn, tall and thin.  He was dignified, and his attitudes did not deny our expectation.  At that time, my father was the principle of the teacher’s college, and Mr. Fujita Goroo was working as a regulator there.  When it rained, the school became very crowded because many (1)jinrikisha which came to pick up students went into the school gate.  In such a rainy day, I often saw him directing the drivers of jinrikisha in order to regulate traffic.  (The following is omitted.)

 

Tsuchida Keiko was a daughter of Takamine Hideo who was called as an Aizu’s prodigy and later became a genius scholar.  Also, she was mother of Tsuchida Kuniyasu who was the Superintendent General of police.

 

(1)   Rickshaw, a vehicle pulled by men

 

Kobayashi Tochiko’s telling

 

Uncle, Goroo had long and tufty eyebrows and sharp eyes.  He was quiet, and looked taller than his actual height.  He regularly came back to Fukushima to visit his family’s grave.  He often stayed at my father, Takagi Morinosuke’s house, and he and my father excitingly talked about (1) the Boshin War with drinking.  All boys in my relatives learned how to play kendo from uncle, Goroo.  I knew he had been the member of Shinsengumi.  He used to work for the police, and had chances to work for the royal family.  Once he was commanded to guard Syooken queen mother, and he often talked me about this.  He praised her beauty, as “I have rarely seen such a beautiful lady like her.”  (The following is omitted.)

 

Kobayashi Tochiko was the 6th daughter of Takagi Morinosuke.  Takagi Morinosuke was a younger brother of Saitoo Hajime’s wife, Tokio.

 

(1)   The war between the old Edo shogunate and the Meiji government (1867-8)

 

Fujita Natsuko’s telling

 

Fujita Goroo retired the police department and became a guard of the Tokyo Educational Museum in affiliation with the Tokyo Teacher’s College in Meiji 24 (1891).  His wife, Tokio worked as a housemaster of the Women’s Teacher’s College all the time.  Of course, she could work under the protection of Yamakawa Hiroshi who was the first principle of the Tokyo Teacher’s College.  However, the truth was that Takamine Hideo recommended both Fujita Goroo and Tokio to get these jobs.  When Takamine Hideo was 26 years old, he became a principle of the Tokyo Teacher’s College in Meiji 12 (1879), and when he was 44 years old, he became a principle of the Tokyo Women’s Teacher’s College in Meiji 30 (1897).  Also, he was a cousin of Tokio.  According to my mother-in-law, Midori’s story, there was a magnificent shed in his homestead, and it was full of treasures such as swords or arts treasures.  Although the shed was always locked, only Goroo was allowed to enter this freely.  Since Goroo was good at judging swords, he was often asked to judge or repair swords.

 

Fujita Natsuko was a wife of Fujita Minoru who was a grandchild of Goroo.  Mother-in-law, Midori, was a wife of Tsutomu who was a son of Goroo.

 

Yagi Tamesaburoo’s telling 1

 

I have never seen that Yamazaki Joo (Yamazaki Susumu) uses a stick, but he was good at Nagamaki which was like (1) Naginata with a short handle.  I have seen that he rampaged with shaking this Nagamaki.  As a competitor of him, Saitoo Hajime, who was a masterless samurai from Bansyuu Akashi, often confronted at him.  Kondoo also liked Saitoo Hajime.  I don’t know his style of swordplay, but he was very good at it.  He was one of the five greatest swordsmen in Shinsengumi.

 

This shows that Saitoo Hajime had an excellent skill in swordplay.

 

(1)   A kind of Japanese spear

 

Yagi Tamesaburoo’s telling 2

 

The people who stayed my house were 13 people: Serizawa Kamo, Kondoo Isamu, Yamanami Keesuke, Hijikata Toshizoo, Nagakura, Shinpachi, Okita Sooshi, Noguchi Kenji, Harada Sanosuke, Inoue Gensaburoo, Toodoo Heesuke, Hirama Shigesuke, Hirayama Goroo, and Saeki Matasaburoo.  I heard that Niimi Nishiki, Kasuya Shingoroo, and Saitoo Hajime, who stayed Nanbu Kamejiroo’s house, always stayed and slept at my house.  I remember these 13 people and Saitoo Hajime, but I don’t remember Niimi and Kasuya at all.

 

It seems that Saitoo Hajime made a strong impression for Yagi Tamesaburoo.  If we assume that this telling is trustful, although Saitoo Hajime is known to have stayed at Nanbu Kamejiroo’s house when he joined (1) Rooshi Gumi, the truth that he stayed Yagi’s house suggests that he was more familiar with members of Shieekan, such as Kondoo Isamu.

 

(1)   The name of samurai group

 

Nakajima Nobori’s writing

 

Yamaguchi Jiroo 27 years old

 

He was a follower of Tokugawa, but later joined Shinsengumi in Kyoto and played an important role.  He was a great person, and he was not only good at swordplay but also famous for his good personality.  He left many achievements in fighting in Aizu; hence, he was promoted to be a captain.  He fought only with 13 people together surrounded by more than 300 people of enemy at Nyoraidoo in September 4th.  He could not cut his way through the enemy, and at last he died gracefully.  His bravery should be honored.

 

This is a note of the part of Yamaguchi Jiroo in (1) “Senyuu Esugata” written by the member of Shinsengumi, Nakajima Nobori.  According to this, Yamaguchi Jiroo was killed in the war at Nyoraidoo.

 

(1)   The figures of fellow soldiers

 

The song of Sagawa Hatako

 

This smell, this shape, an old man is stirred with an old sword alone.

 

This song is in a songbook, (1) “Shinobugusa,” by Sagawa Hatako.  She sang this song in memory of Fujita Goroo in life.  Hatako was a daughter of Takagi Morunosuke, and a wife of Naoaki who was a son of Sagawa Kanbee.  She was a niece of Fujita Goroo.

 

(1)   It means secret or memory.

 

The diary of Taniguchi Shiroobee

 

After Shinsengumi arrived in Aizu, we continued to fight.  Many friends were already dead, and only 14 were left.  Now, we should endure and conquest this difficulty.   Even if we see the castle falls to the enemy, we won’t give up our will.

 

This is the word of Saitoo Hajime during the fight at Shiokawa.  After he arrived in Aizu, he became the captain of Shinsengumi, and continued fighting.  Thus, he insisted on fighting in Aizu and rejected escaping to Sendai.  This utterance shows his special feeling for Aizu and convinces the reason why he lived half his life as one of Aizu citizen. 

 

Hieta Toshiya’s telling 1

 

Later in Meiji period, I heard this story (Tenmaya affair) from Saitoo Hajime.  Then, he said, “I did not know when the enemy would come, so I was drinking with a chain mail on.  But, when I got drank, I felt too hot.  I was annoyed at the chain, so I tried to take off it.  I tried to take off the parts on my instep and middle finger, but I could not remove it easily.  I tried couple of times, but still I could not.  When I gave up taking off it and hold the glass again, the enemy crushed into the room.  The enemy was quite clever because there was no light and it was a small room.  While I rampaged around crazily, I felt that the enemy’s sword touched me twice or three times.  But, since I did not feel any pain, I continued to fight.  Then, I heard somebody shout, ‘he is wearing something.  Cutting does not work.  Thrust, thrust at him.’  While I thought, ‘God damn you, common,’ the war was already over.  Thank to this chain mail, I was not injured at all.  That is a very useful thing.  I heard that you had never fought with real swords.  In a real fight, it is impossible to make a plan as I attack the first enemy in this way, and the second enemy in that way.  All we can do is to lose ourselves in cutting and thrusting, and after the enemy has fallen on the ground, you think you are lucky for the first time.  In short, if you know how to shake a sword quickly, you are enough to do swordplay, and this quickness determines who gets the victory.  In the Tenmaya affair, I didn’t even know where and how I knocked down my enemy.  Moreover, I didn’t know how many enemies there were.”

 

Hieta Toshiya’s telling 2

 

Saitoo Hajime is from Bansyuu Akashi, and was a right hand of Kondoo Isamu.  He was a captain of the third party, but once he falsely withdrew from Shinsengumi, and work as a spy in the group of (1) Goryooeji of (2) Gesshin-in.  Soon after we arrived at the station in Horikawa, I found somebody taking off his shoes at the back door.  Since some members bowed to him or took care of him, I wondered who he was.  In the evening, at dinner, a notice was put on the wall.  It said, “Captain, Saitoo Hajime, who traveled for an official purpose, came back today.  His position is restored as before.”  Therefore, I thought that the man I saw a short while ago was Saitoo Hajime.  His swordplay was excellent.

 

(1)   The group who guarded the royal family’s house.

(2)   The name of place

 

From “Shinsengumi’s account”

 

Saitoo was the first or second best swordsman in Shinsengumi, and he had a habit of killing.

 

This was Nishimura Kanehumi’s impression of Saitoo Hajime.  Nishimura described his impression like this in the section of assassination of Takeda Kanryuusai in “Shinsengumi’s account.”  Of course, there was a prejudice.  However, this judgment may be natural because Shimsengumi was known to be wild and rough, and Saitoo Hajime was one of the best swordsmen in Shinsengumi.  Importantly, this also valued his skill as a swordsman.

 

 

http://www.3-hajime.com/hitobito.html

 

People connected with Saitoo Hajime

 

What kinds of people are there around Saitoo Hajime?

 

1.      Family and relatives

 

Shinoda Yaso

 

She was the first wife of Saitoo Hajime.  According to the Jinshin family record made in March 1872 (Meiji 5), she was 31 years old at that time.  Counting backward, she was born in 1842 (Tempo 13).  However, considering the fact that Fujita Goroo was recorded to be 27 years old, and she was 4 years older than him, she was born in 1840 (Tempo 11).  She was the first daughter of Shinoda Uchizoo who was a samurai in Aizu.  After her older brother died in (1) Kinmon no hen, and her father died of disease, she loved with other brothers.  Later, they moved to Tonami.  In Tonami, first she lived at the house of Ueda Shichiroo who was a son of Ueda Hachiroouemon, but later moved to the house of Kurasawa Heijiuemon who was a counselor in Tonami clan.  Fujita Goroo also lived at Kurasawa’s house.  They got married interceded by Kurasawa on August 25th in 1871.  Later, they moved to Ueda Shichiroo’s house on February 10th in 1873.  On June 10th, 1874, Fujita Goroo went to Tokyo.  After seeing him off, she went back to Kurasawa’s house.  However, this was the last record, and nobody knows how she lived after this.  Therefore, everything, such as the year of her death or the place of her grave is unknown.

 

(1)   Political change in 1864, the war between Aizu and Satsuma vs. Choosyuu

 

Takagi Tokio

 

Saitoo Hajime’s second wife.  She was born on April 15th in 1846 (Kooka 3).  She was the first daughter of a couple, Takagi Kojuuroo and Katsuko.  Her real name was Sada, and served for a princess, Teru, as a teacher of writing.  Niijima Yaeko talked about Tokio in her reminiscence talking.  When the castle was besieged during the Aizu War in 1868 (Keioo 4), both Tokio and Yaeko stayed in the castle.  “After entering the castle, women were first taking care of injured people.  However, I heard in the evening that we would sortie at night so that I started to cut my hair in order to join the fighting.  When I had a trouble in cutting my hair, the sister of Takagi Morinosuke, Tokio helped me cut my hair.”  This time, Tokio’s younger brother, Morinosuke, was a member of group organized by younger boys in the castle.  After the war, Tokio moved to Tonami with other samurai of Aizu.  In 1874, Tokio got married with Saito Hajime through an upper-matchmaker, Matsudaira Katayasu and lower-matchmakers, Yamakawa Hiroshi and Sagawa kanbee.  She had the first son, Tsutomu on February 15th in 1876, and the second son, Tsuyoshi on October 4th in 1879, and the third son, Tasuo, on July 1st in 1886.  In 1907, Tokio planted cherry blossoms with ten women from Aizu at Amida Temple in Aizu in order to remember people killed during the Aizu War.  In the next year, she called for women from Aizu to donate money to build graves for war dead.  Tokio also became a promoter, opened an account at Yasuda Bank, and donated 2 yen 50 (1) sen.  There was an article about Tokio in (2) “Dai Nihon Fujinroku” made in March 1908.  “Fujita Tokio, birth year 1846, a wife of Fujita Goroo who is a clerk of Tokyo Women’s Teacher’s College, a house master of women students’ dormitory, and the address is 30 Masago-cho, Hongoo-ku,” a house master of women students’ dormitory means that she let women students stay at her house under the permission from the school.  Her address is today’s 4-14 Hongoo, Bunkyoo-ku in Tokyo.  She lived there until she died.

 

(1)   1 sen = 1/100 yen

(2)   The record of Japanese Women

 

Takagi Morinosuke

 

Saitoo Hajime’s brother-in-law.  He was born as the first son of Takagi Kojuuroo in September 15th, 1854 (Ansee 1st).  Tokio’s younger brother.  His name in his childhood was Goroo.  Later, he changed his name as Morinsuke.  In Meiji period, he worked as a prosecutor in Shizuoka, Hokkaido, Fukushima, and so on.

 

Yamaguchi Yuusuke

 

Saitoo Hajime’s father.  The birth year is unknown.  According to “the history of Fujita family,” He was from lower samurai’s family in Akasi.  He handed over patrimony to his younger sister, and he went to Edo.  He served Suzuki as a lower samurai at Kanda, Ogawa-machi.  Later, he saved some money, and bought stocks.  He got married with a farmer’s daughter, Masu, and had Hiroaki, Katsu, and Hajime.  The information about his address in Akashi, his sister, and his sister’s family is all unknown.  Hiroaki’s resume is reserved in Fukushima Local Curt.  His birthplace was Motoiida-machi, Toyochima-gun, Musashikoku, and this address seems to correspond to his address in Edo.  The year of his death and the place of his grave are unknown.

 

Yamaguchi Masu

 

Saitoo Hajime’s mother.  Everything is unknown except that she was a farmer in Kawagoe.

 

Yamaguchi Hiroaki

 

Saitoo Hajime’s older brother.  The first volume of (1) “Tokyo Kyooikushi Shiryoo Taikee” inserts Hiroaki’s application to open the school.  According to this, he was 38 years old in 1873 (Meiji 6).  Counting backward, he was born in 1836 (Tempo 7).  However, his resume reserved in Fukushima Local Curt showed that he was born on June 1st in 1843 (Tempo 14).  Considering the age difference between brothers, the possibility that he was born in 1843 is higher.  According to his resume, he was known by the name of Kimata, and he worked for the Department of the Interior in 1874 (Meiji 7).  Later, he worked for the Ministry of Finance and tax office.  Then, he worked as a counselor of Higashishirakawa-gun in Fukushima, and a counselor of Fukushima Local Curt.  According to the book, “the history of Fujita family,” he worked as a registrar in Fukushima Local Curt.  He retired in 1898.  After this, there is no information about this.  According to the record of the Ministry of Finance, his address was Imagawasyooji, Kanda, Tokyo city.  Furthermore, the application he wrote in order to open the school said that his address was 1-1 Imagawasyooji, the second small ward of the fourth big ward.  It also recorded that his family was under the protection of Suzuki Shigesuke who was a samurai in Tokyo.  Since Ogawa-machi adjoined Imagawasyooji, Suzuki, who was described in “the history of Fujita family” and Saitoo Hajime’s father, Yuusuke served for, seems to be the same person as Suzuki Shigesuke above.  The year of Hiroaki’s death and the place of his grave are unknown.

 

(1)   Tokyo Educational History Resources

 

Sooma Katsu (Hisa)

 

Saitoo Haime’s older sister.  She was born in 1842 (Tempo 13).  Later, she got married with Sooma Tshiaki, and had four children, such as Teru and Toshikazu.  The first child, Teru was born on October 7th in 1863 (Bunkyuu 3), which means that she got married before 1863.  Later, she changed her name to Hisa.  She died on June 1st in 1875.  She was 33 years old.  Her grave is at Ryoosenin temple at Syoonan-cho, Higashikatsuchika-gun, Chiba-pre.

 

Yamaguchi Yukiko

 

The first daughter of Hiroaki who is an older brother of Saitoo Hajime.  She was born in 1869 (Meiji 2).  She was an elementary school teacher, but she died of disease.  Due to her death, Yamaguchi family was extinct.  The information about the Yamaguchs and the place of family graves is unknown.

 

Sooma Toshiaki

 

Saitoo Haime’s brother-in-law.  He worked for Kasama clan as a doctor, but later he opened his own hospital at Iida-machi in Tokyo around 1862 (Bunkyuu 2).  He went back to his hometown, Tega village in Chiba prefecture, and worked as a doctor in his last year.  He died in 1899 (Meiji 32).

 

 

2.      People in Aizu

 

Matsudaira Katayasu

 

He was born on December 29th, 1835 (Tempo 6).  He was a 6th son of Matsudaira Yoshitake who was the lord of Takasu clan in (1) Mino.  Matsudaira Katataka, the lord of Aizu clan, adopted him.  He named himself as Hoozan Yoodoo.  He became the lord of (2) Higo.  Later, he inherited Aizu in 1853 (Kaee 5).  He became a councilor of Bakufu in 1861 (Bunkyuu 1).  In 1862, he was commanded to work for the guard of Kyoto.  Although his followers opposed him taking this job, he got this job and went to Kyoto.  He succeeded with a political change to sweep away the group of (3) Sonjoo with a support of soldiers from (4) Satsuma, (5) Kuwana, and (6)Yodo on August 18th, 1863.  Accompanied by Shinsengumi, he forced the reign of terror in Kyoto.  However, the emperor, Koomee trusted him.  He took a strong line with the conquest of Choosyuu, and objected Tokugawa Yoshinobu’s (7) Taisee Hookan.  When he lost in the Toba and Fushimi War in 1868 (Keioo 4), he insisted on fighting in Ego.  However, his opinion was turn away, and he lost to new Meiji government.  His land was confiscated, and he was restrained in Tottori.  In 1872, he was released, and later became the chief priest of Nikko Tosyogu shrine.  He died in 1893.

 

(1) Today’s Gifu prefecture

(2) Today’s Kumamoto prefecture

(3) A political group who aim to respect emperor and drive out of the foreign force.

(4) Today’s Kagoshima prefecture

(5)   A part of today’s Mie prefecture

(6)   A part of today’s Osaka

(7)   To return the right to govern from Edo Bakuhu to emperor.

 

Sagawa Kanbee

 

He was born on September 5th in 1831.  When he was a child, his name was Masaru.  Later, he named himself as Kiyonao.  His father was Aizu’s samurai, Sagawa Naomichi, and his mother was Toshiko.  When his lord, Matsudaira Katayasu, was appointed as a guard of Kyoto, he went to Kyoto with him.  Soon after he became a (1) Monogashira, he was promoted to be (2) Bugyoo of Kyoto school.  He fought accompanied by a group which was formed with sons of Aizu’s samurai in the Toba and Fushimi War.  He fought bravely, gained fame as a brave person.  After returning to Aizu, he became a military Bugyoo, and insisted on continuing the war against emperor’s army.  However, after he lost, he was imprisoned in Tokyo.  Later, he was released, and he lived quietly in Aizu.  When a dispute on (3) Seikan arose, with the government’s request, he went to Tokyo accompanied by about 300 followers and became a chief inspector.  He served in the Seenan War, and died a heroic death in 1878.  His evaluation is, “he was a respected person as Saigoo was in the west of Japan.”  He was a type of traditional samurai leader.

 

(1)   The name of post

(2)   The name of post

(3)   The movement to attack Korea

 

Yamakawa Hiroshi

 

He was born on November 6th in 1845 (Kooka 2).  Brother of Oyama Yutematsu and Yamakawa Kenjiroo.  He was known by the name of Yoshichiroo.  Another name as a poet was Toryuushi.  He became an aide of Matsudaira Katayasu, and dealt with difficult problems.  He was chosen as a member of dispatch to Russia, Germany, and France in order to settle the border in (1) Karafuto.  Thorough this visit, he realized a mistake of (2) Jooi.  After he returned, he intended reformation of system.  However, the Boshin War arose, and the Aizu castle fell to the Meiji government army.  Later, he took care of young lord, Matsudaira Katayasu, and made efforts to govern Tonami.  He served as the Chief of Staff during the SeinanWar in 1878.  Then he became a high school teacher, a member of Congress, and a major general of army.  He died in 1898.  He wrote “Kyoto Syugosyoku Shimatsu” and anthology, “Sakurayamasyuu.”

 

(1)   The island in the north of Japan.  Russian territory today.

(2)   The idea to drive out of the foreign force.

 

Yamakawa Kenjiroo

 

He was born on July 17th in 1854 (Ansee 1).  Younger brother of Yamakawa Hiroshi and Oyama Sutematsu.  During the Boshin War, he joined (1)Byakkotai, but due to his age, he was discharged.  He went to the United States in 1871, and studied civil engineer at Yale University.  After returning, he taught at Tokyo Kaisee University first, and became the first professor of physics in Tokyo University.  He made “Dictionary of English, Germany, and France in physics terms.”  He used an X ray for an experiment for the first time in Japan.  Later, he engaged in development of educational administration and science administration.  He became a president of Tokyo University, Meiji Technical College, Kyuusyuu University, Kyoto University, and Musashi High School.  He also became a member of Congress and worked for Privy Council.  He died 1931 (Syoowa 6).

 

(1)   Army group organized by boys in teenagers.

 

3.      Police

 

Kawaji Toshimichi

 

He was born on May 11th in 1834 (Tempo 5).  He was from (1) Satsuma.  He had other names, such as Seenoshin or Ryuusen.  He was the first son of Satsuma samurai, Kawaji Toshiai, and Etsuko.  He was in full activity in the Kinmon No Hen and the Toba and Fushimi War.  Because of this activity, Saigoo Takamri came to know him.  After Meiji government arose, he became a president of Tokyo Fuzoku University.  When the Meiji government started a new police system, he became an inspector and made efforts to organize the administration of police.  His goal was “to make the whole country in peace and to protect people’s health.”  In short, he intended to build the administration of police.  With the recommendation from Saigoo, he went to Europe to see the system of police in European countries.  He returned in 1873.  Then he insisted to divide police from administration.  Based on the police system in France he learned in Europe, he wrote (2) “Kengi Sooan,” which described the blueprint of the system of police and administration.  His idea was embodied in the achievement that Okubo Toshimichi founded the Department of the Interior and the National Police Agency.  Kawaji aimed to concentrate the power of police in the center and to expanse the function of the national police.  The Tokyo police department became a stronghold of policemen from Satsuma, and his philosophy was almost achieved.  During the SeenanWar, the Tokyo police department was abolished, but he served as a commander, and commanded the army organized by policemen.  He died on the way to return to Japan from overseas in 1879.  He devoted whole his life to the establishment of the police system.

 

(1)   Today’s Kagoshima prefecture

(2)   Suggested draft

 

 

http://www.3-hajime.com/seikaku.html

 

Life Attitudes

 

How were Saitoo Hajime’s life attitudes?  These are based on the stories of his descendant and people who knew him in life.

 

Saitoo Hajime’s life attitudes were exactly like samurai

 

1. Even when it was very hot, he never bared his one shoulder or (1) wound a towel around his neck.

 

2. When he wore shoes, he always wore them decently, and never walked with dragging his shoes.

 

3. When he sat down, he always (2) sat on his heels , he never sat cross-legged or sideways.

 

4. He always used clean loincloth.  It was changed everyday.  It was very white, starchy, no wrinkle, and dried in the sun.  It was as if ironed well.

 

5. Usually, he was extremely quiet.

 

6. He liked to drink.  When he drank with Takagi Morinosuke or Yamakawa Kenjiroo, he often talked about the Boshin War sadly, angrily, and excitingly.

 

7. When he worked for the Women’s Teacher’s College, he regulated the traffic around the gate in a rainy day.

 

They show that he was very neat and quiet.

 

(1)   This towel around his neck must be used to wipe his sweat.

(2)   Seeza, Japanese formal style of sitting.

 

 

http://www.3-hajime.com/dekigoto10.html

 

 

When he died…

(September 28th, 1915)

 

Saitoo Hajime died of stomach ulcer as Fujita Goroo in Septermber 28th in 1915 (Taisyoo 15).  He was 72 years old.  He was a neat and quiet swordsman. The way he died was very impressive.  While he liked to drink and talk about the Boshin War with Takagi Morinosuke or Yamakawa Kenjiroo, he was suffered from stomach ulcer in his last year.  When no medicine worked any more, he realized his time was near and had his family carry his body to tokonoma (alcove).  There he sat on his heels on Japanese cushions.  Since he was hard to breathe because of phlegm in his throat, Midori who was a wife of his first son, Tsutomu, had to remove this phlegm with chopsticks with cotton around them without break.  However, his stormy life finally ended.

This behavior in his death shows his awareness as Mugai style swordsman. 

There are two Mugai style swordsmen who died in the same way.  One is Kimata, the Second of Mugai style who was adopted by Tsuji Gettan.  Tsuji Gettan was the person who started the Mugai style.  The other is Morishita Gonbee who was from (1) Tosa and one of leading students of Tsuji Gettan.  These two persons also died with sitting on their heels in the same way as Saitoo did.  It showed his strong will to continue to challenge himself until his death.  His way of death is the most salient example to show Saitoo Hajime’s life.

 

(1)   Today’s Koochi prefecture

 

 

http://www.3-hajime.com/dekigoto13.html

 

 

Departure to the SeenanWar

May 18th, 1877 (Meiji 10)

 

In 1877, Saigoo Takamori, who lost the (1) Seekanron and quit being a politician, raised a riot against the Meiji Government with people who had been the (2) Shizoku and had dissatisfaction at the new system.  At that time, most of policemen consisted of people from Satsuma.  However, since most of them went back to Satsuma with Saigoo, the Meiji Government hurriedly recruited new policemen.  Therefore, many samurai who had served for Edo Bakuhi were also recruited.  Not only the samurai in Aizu or Kuwana but also the members of Shinsengumi were recruited, and they formed the Shinsen Ryodan.  When Kitino Toshiaki, who was in the side of Saigoo, heard this name, he was surprised that he thought Shinsengumi still existed and it was coming to attack them.  However, Saitoo Hajime was not in this group.  He served as an inspector, and he was in the (3) Bungo police troop.  Hagiwara Sadamoto commanded this group, and Saitoo Hajime commanded 107 people in the second small group of the big group as Fujita Goroo.  He attacked the enemy in Mikawautchi (Usuki county in Miyazaki prefecture), and robbed two cannon in July 12th.  He was also injured by shot this time.  The details appeared in the article of the Tokyo Nichinichi newspaper on August 23rd, 1877. 

 

(1)   The movement to Korea

(2)   The samurai class

(3)   Today’s Oita prefecture

 

Tokyo Nichinichi Newspaper

 

Reporter, Oba, who reported in Bungo from July 1st to 7th, mailed this article. 

This is a report in the front in Bungo.  They set a position for the attack of Mikawauchi.  On July 12th, all soldiers around there went to Mikawauchi.  The forth policemen army was divided into two groups.  One group attacked the enemy from the front, and the other attached them from their back.  The enemy, about 30 people, gave up fighting, and ran away.  Taking advantage of this victory, the loyalist army took over the fort in Mikawauchi.  When they advanced more toward Mt. Toribira, the enemy attacked from the side.  The loyalist army fought bravely and finally reached at the top of the Mt. Toribira.  On the top of the mountain, the enemy, about 20, was waiting, but when they found the army coming, they ran away.  Mt. Toribira is the important point in Mikawauchi mountain range.  Therefore, the loyalist army set their base there.  The soldiers were arranged around the base, and walls were built at 5 places.  The enemy, about 150 people, competed them by building walls on right and left side of the base.  There was only one who was injured in the loyalist army at that time.  In the afternoon, they advanced to Shiomidani, but there were only two or three walls left.  They advanced more and reached to Fudoozaka, but they only saw two or three walls on Mt. Oetsu.  They had not encountered any enemy so far; therefore, they stopped to move and had their soldiers prepare for defense.  The army in Todoroki also started Morizaki at 3 o’clock and reached to Marushio.  They were divided into two groups.  One group, commanded by Fujita Goroo, joined to another army troop and advanced along the main road.  The other group, commanded by Yuusa Masato, also joined to another army troop advanced to Hiramine along the bypath.  They attacked the enemy at the Tsuruwa pass and reached to the top of Mt. Takayuka.  A little while before this, Fujita Goroo accompanied by soldiers crossed the Fukuhara pass and reached to Yakio.  There, they defeated the enemy.  They continued gun fighting on the way to move to Takayuka.  There, Fujita Goroo was shot.  Therefore, they withdrew the army to Yakio for a while.  However, the other group had already been attacking the enemy, so again they moved back to Takayuka and started to fight.  The enemy gave up fighting, and ran away.  On 14th, the third small troop commanded by Sonoda inspector, arrived at Kurosawa village.  This troop joined other troops around Mikawauchi, and guarded the area from the enemy’s attack.  At 3:30 on 16th, the army started to attack the enemy around the Rikuchi pass.  At 4:00, they defeated the enemy there, and started to attack the enemy’s walls on right and left side.  Since there was the roar of cannon from Tsushimabata around 4, the second police army was sent to there.  However, the enemy was too strong for them to defend.  At last, the soldiers as well as the police troop retreated to Kuzuharaura.  When they started to build a wall and prepare for defense there, they received that the army regained the fort at Tsushimabata.  Therefore, they returned Tsushimabata and arranged the defense line there.  There were 16 men killed and 24 injured in the army.  There were 2 killed and 3 injured in the police troop.  At 2 a.m. on 17th, with cooperation with selective soldiers from the main road and Tenguyama, the army hided secretly behind the wall.  Fortunately, it started to rain.  The enemy never seemed to dream that the loyalist army was hiding behind a wall.  Therefore, when the army suddenly attacked the fort together, the enemy was panicked and ran away.  The army attacked them running from the behind and shot two or three soldiers.  Then, they moved to attack the walls on the right and left side.  The enemy from Hatayama attacked the army, and the loyalist army from Ohara came to support them, and attacked them from their side and defeated them.  Continuously, they attacked a fort at Nukagaeshi and reached to Yuugauchi.  It was 9 a.m. in the morning.  The army set the front on the top of the Rikushi pass in Rikuchi village, and built walls for firm defense.  On the day, there were 17 or 18 casualties in the army.  They captured three people and some weapons from the enemy.  On 23rd, the Sonoda troop joined the Hagiwara troop, and they changed their names as the 7th, 8th, and 9th troop.  On 30th lieutenant colonel, Nozaki became a commander to direct the soldiers from the left side of the Rikuchi pass to the seaside, and major Oku became a commander to direct the soldiers from the right side of the Rikuchi pass to Ohara.  On August 2nd, the army was arranged for the attack at Ichioguchi.  The 6th small police army with artillery (which was borrowed from battleship Nisshin) and the infantry army were arranged for the attack at Matsuoyama.  Their role was supportive attack.  The 2nd small police army was arranged for the attack at the Odakachi pass.  The 1st small police army became the reserved army.  It was arranged to wait at the Odakachi pass in order to respond depending on the situations.  The 5th small police army and the infantry army were arranged for the attack at Mt Akagi.  The 3rd police army was arranged for the attack from the Takazare pass to Mt. Matsuo.  40 soldiers among the infantry army were arranged for the attack at a wall in front of Mt. Akagi.  At 4 a.m. the 6th small police army and the infantry army went down Tsushimabata through woods in order to attack the enemy at Mt. Matsuo.  They secretly hided behind walls and waited the time of attack.  The day did not break, and it was not bright.  They started to fire cannon to the fort on Mt. Motsuo.